Eco Catalyst Screening

Amar has been a pioneer, largest manufacturer, and exporter of eco-catalyst screening systems in India since many years.

Catalyst development is a science yet can typically involve screening many different catalyst formulations in order to verify activity and selectivity. Sometimes hundreds of catalyst variations need to be tested before the perfect catalyst can be discovered. This is a time consuming process and efficiency of R&D can be scaled up if more catalysts can be screened in parallel. Today the most expensive resource we often pay for is a good lab chemist! Our parallel screening equipment allows rapid, high throughput screening of multiple catalysts.

Pressures and Temperatures can be set independently and this also allows chemical companies to optimize operating conditions for a given catalyst. Are you sure your operating point is the best for this process? Use our Eco model to verify if you are indeed at the optimum or missing out on profitability due to a sub-optimal operating point.  Various MOCs are possible for the most exacting and aggressive operating conditions and our models are capable of Pressure and Temperature ratings that will exceed the requirements of most chemical processes.

The platform includes bottom stirring and hence mass transfer limitations can be eliminated and two phase liquid (immiscible) systems can also be tested (within limits).

  • Volume: 25 ml x 7 reactors with independent lids.
  • Pressure Range: up to 100 bar for each reactor
  • Temperature Range: up to 200°C
  • Heating: shall be common for all reactors using hot plate.
  • Maximum Stirring Arrangement speed: up to 1000 RPM.
  • Material: SS-316, Hastelloy, Inconel, Titanium etc.
  • Sealing: Threaded sealing with either Viton or Kalrez ‘O’ ring
  • Stirring Arrangement: All the reactors have a common bottom stirring arrangement having upto 1000 RPM using magnetic hot plate stirrer.
  • Sealing: Threaded sealing with either Viton or Kalrez ‘O’ ring
  • Very compact & economical system
  • Application: These systems provide high throughput screening and saves on time and space, helps in comparative studies, and assists in faster and advanced research. These are often used for high throughput catalyst screening. These multiple autoclave systems are used in Laboratories, of fine & speciality chemicals, bulk drug (API) pharmaceuticals, dyes, intermediates, paints, oils, agrochemical, petrochemicals, oil & gas, chemical engineering colleges / research institutes / defence organisations etc. to screen new chemistries, augment the yield of catalysts.
  • Also, check out our other product Liquid Liquid Separator

Material of Construction ( M.O.C)

All wetted parts are made from SS-316L / SS-316 as standard.
Optional: Hastelloy B/C, Titanium, Monel, Inconel, Zirconium, Tantalum, Carbon Steel, etc. for different liquids corrosive to SS-316. Other special alloys like A286, Alloy 20, duplex steel, etc. can also be offered.

Note: Amar offers all the internal & optionally external wetted pats in the same material of construction as that of body & head to give fully corrosion resistant autoclaves.

Material Selection Guide: AMAR gives recommendation for material selection for particular media, however it does not guarantee 100% corrosion resistance of a particular material to a particular corrosive media, as the same depends on various parameters like temperature, pressure, concentration, etc. of the reactions. Reactor vessels of material SS316, above 5 ltr are normally fabricated from plates. SS 316 autoclaves up to 100 ltr have lids made from rolled / forged bar stock. The material listed below may not be available in all possible sizes.

SS316 is an alloy of chromium – nickel with molybdenum which improves the corrosion resistance properties. The molybdenum in the material also elevates its strength. SS 316 / 316L both have almost the same corrosion resistance properties, the only difference is SS 316L has a low carbon stainless steel content.

SS 316 / 316L has excellent corrosion resistance to:

  • Most organic acid systems like acetic, formic, etc.
  • Ammonia & most ammonia compounds
  • Many salts except chlorides
  • Most commercial gases at moderate temperature & pressures
  • Hydrogen chloride, fluoride & chloride in scrupulously anhydrous systems

 

SS316 / 316L has poor resistance to:

  • Organic halides
  • Dilute sulfuric, phosphoric & nitric acids at high temperatures & pressures
  • Halogen acids at low temperatures & in dilute forms
  • Caustics, halogen salts, chlorides, etc.

 

Applications of SS 316 / 316L is mainly in chemical & petrochemical industry, food processing, pharmaceutical equipment, & also in marine & architectural applications.

Chemical Composition:

Element Percentage
Iron ( Fe ) 60% - 67%
Nickel ( Ni ) 9% - 12%
Chromium ( Cr ) 18% - 21%
Molybdenum ( Mo ) 2% - 3%
Carbon ( C ) 0.08%
Other:
Silicon ( Si ) 2%
Manganese ( Mn ) 1.5%

Corrosion Rating:

RATINGS - 0:Unsuitable 1:Poor to Fair 2:Fair 3:Fair to good 4:Good 5:Good to Excellent 6:Normally Excellent

Materials Non-oxidizing or reducing media Liquids Gases
Acid solutions excluding Hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric Neutral solutions, e.g. many Non-oxidizing salt solutions, chlorides, sulfates Alkaline solutions Oxidizing Media Halogen & derivatives
Caustic & mild alkalis, excluding ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide & amines Acid solutions, e.g. nitric Neutral or alkaline solutions e.g. per sulfates, peroxides, chromates Pitting media, acid ferric chloride solutions Halogen Hydrogen halides, dry, e.g., dry, hydrogen chloride
Moist, e.g. chlorine below dew point Dry, e.g. fluorine above dew point
SS 316 4 5 5 6 5 6 1 0 3 2

Note: Maximum Design Temperature shall depend on the corresponding pressure requirement.

Hastelloy C22, also known as Alloy C22, is a superalloy of nickel-chromium-molybdenum with a chemical composition of nickel 56%, chromium 22% & molybdenum 13% along with a substantial amount of iron, cobalt & tungsten. Hastelloy C22 has the widest corrosion resistance & is the most widely used alloy for corrosion media.

Hastelloy C22 has excellent corrosion resistance to:

  • Variety of chloride compounds & chlorine contaminated material
  • Strong oxidizing chloride solutions such as wet chlorine & hydrochloride & sodium hypochlorite solutions
  • Concentrated hydrochloric, sulfuric & phosphoric acids.

 

Hastelloy C22 possess the following properties:

  • Hastelloy C22 is one of the most resistant metals which offers resistance to oxidizing & reducing environments, along with chlorine induced localized corrosion.
  • At elevated temperatures, Alloy C22 offers good resistance for reactions like sulfidation, oxidation & carburization.
  • It offers the possibility to cold work for higher strength levels.

 

Chemical Composition:

Element Percentage
Chromium ( Cr ) 20% -22.5%
Molybdenum ( Mo ) 12.5% - 14.5%
Tungsten ( W ) 2.5% - 3.5%
Cobalt ( Co ) 2% - 6%
Iron ( Fe ) 0.08%
Other:
Manganese ( Mn ) 0.5%
Vanadium ( V ) 0.35%
Silicon ( Si ) 0.08%
Phosphorous ( P ) 0.02%
Sulphur ( S ) 0.02%
Carbon ( C ) 0.015%

Corrosion Rating:

RATINGS - 0:Unsuitable 1:Poor to Fair 2:Fair 3:Fair to good 4:Good 5:Good to Excellent 6:Normally Excellent

Materials Non-oxidizing or reducing media Liquids Gases
Acid solutions excluding Hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric Neutral solutions, e.g. many Non-oxidizing salt solutions, chlorides, sulfates Alkaline solutions Oxidizing Media Halogen & derivatives
Caustic & mild alkalis, excluding ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide & amines Acid solutions, e.g. nitric Neutral or alkaline solutions e.g. per sulfates, peroxides, chromates Pitting media, acid ferric chloride solutions Halogen Hydrogen halides, dry, e.g., dry, hydrogen chloride
Moist, e.g. chlorine below dew point Dry, e.g. fluorine above dew point
Alloy C22 5 6 5 6 4 6 5 5 4 4

Note: Maximum Design Temperature shall depend on the corresponding pressure requirement.

Hastelloy C-276, also known as Alloy C276, is a nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy with a trace quantity of tungsten that has been reinforced by solid solution. Excellent corrosion resistance is displayed by Alloy C-276 in a number of challenging environments and media. It is ductile, readily made, and weldable, like many other nickel alloys. Most industrial applications where there are special chemical environments and other alloys have failed adopt this alloy.

Applications:

The manufacturing of pulp and paper, oil and gas, electricity generation, pharmaceutical, chemical and petrochemical processing, and waste water treatment are just a few of the industries that regularly use Hastelloy C-276. Stack liners, ducts, dampers, scrubbers, stack gas reheaters, heat exchangers, reaction vessels, evaporators, transfer pipework, and several more extremely corrosive applications are examples of end use applications.

Chemical Composition:

Element Percentage
Nickel ( Ni ) 55% - 63%
Molybdenum ( Mo ) 15% - 17%
Chromium ( Cr ) 14.5% - 16.5%
Iron ( Fe ) 4% - 7%
Carbon ( C ) 0.01%
Other:
Cobalt ( Co ) 2.5%
Tungsten ( W ) 3% - 4.5%

Corrosion Rating:

RATINGS - 0:Unsuitable 1:Poor to Fair 2:Fair 3:Fair to good 4:Good 5:Good to Excellent 6:Normally Excellent

Materials Non-oxidizing or reducing media Liquids Gases
Acid solutions excluding Hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric Neutral solutions, e.g. many Non-oxidizing salt solutions, chlorides, sulfates Alkaline solutions Oxidizing Media Halogen & derivatives
Caustic & mild alkalis, excluding ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide & amines Acid solutions, e.g. nitric Neutral or alkaline solutions e.g. per sulfates, peroxides, chromates Pitting media, acid ferric chloride solutions Halogen Hydrogen halides, dry, e.g., dry, hydrogen chloride
Moist, e.g. chlorine below dew point Dry, e.g. fluorine above dew point
Alloy C276 5 6 5 6 4 6 5 5 4 4

Note: Maximum Design Temperature shall depend on the corresponding pressure requirement.

A nickel-copper alloy called Monel 400, constituting 67% Ni & 23% Cu, is resistant to salt and caustic solutions, as well as sea water and steam at high temperatures. The only way to harden Monel 400 is through cold working because it is a solid solution alloy. High strength, outstanding weldability, and strong corrosion resistance are all features of this nickel alloy.

Monel 400 offers excellent corrosion resistance to:

  • Caustic Solutions
  • Chlorinated Salts
  • Fluorine & Hydrogen Fluoride

 

Monel 400 has poor resistance to nitric acid & ammonia systems.

It has varied applications in marine engineering, chemical & hydrocarbon processing equipment, crude petroleum stills, etc.

Chemical Composition:

Element Percentage
Nickel ( Ni ) 65%
Copper ( Cu ) 30%
Aluminium ( Al ) 2.3% - 3.1%
Iron ( Fe ) 2%
Other:
Titanium ( Ti ) 0.35%-0.85%
Carbon ( C ) 0.3%

Corrosion Rating:

RATINGS - 0:Unsuitable 1:Poor to Fair 2:Fair 3:Fair to good 4:Good 5:Good to Excellent 6:Normally Excellent

Materials Non-oxidizing or reducing media Liquids Gases
Acid solutions excluding Hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric Neutral solutions, e.g. many Non-oxidizing salt solutions, chlorides, sulfates Alkaline solutions Oxidizing Media Halogen & derivatives
Caustic & mild alkalis, excluding ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide & amines Acid solutions, e.g. nitric Neutral or alkaline solutions e.g. per sulfates, peroxides, chromates Pitting media, acid ferric chloride solutions Halogen Hydrogen halides, dry, e.g., dry, hydrogen chloride
Moist, e.g. chlorine below dew point Dry, e.g. fluorine above dew point
Alloy 400 5 6 6 1 0 5 1 2 6 3

Note: Maximum Design Temperature: 482°C

Inconel 600 / 625 is a nickel–chromium non-magnetic high temperature alloy that offers excellent properties of high strength & corrosion & heat resistance. Due to its high nickel concentration, the alloy is essentially impervious to chloride-ion tress-corrosion cracking and resistant to both organic and inorganic compound corrosion. Chromium offers resistance to oxidizing onditions in corrosive solutions or at high temperatures, as well as resistance to Sulphur compounds. Inconel 600 / 625 can only be strengthened and hardened through cold work; precipitation hardening is not an option. Due to INCONEL alloy 600's adaptability, it is used in a wide range of applications including temperature.

It offers excellent resistance to:

  • Caustic acids & chlorides at high temperature & pressure when sulfur compounds are present.
  • Reducing-oxidizing environment
  • Sulfur free gases
  • Very high temperature

 

Chemical Composition of Inconel 600:

Element Percentage
Nickel ( Ni ) 73% - 80%
Chromium ( Cr ) 14% - 17%
Iron ( Fe ) 2%
Carbon ( C ) 0.15%

Note: Maximum Design Temperature: 482°C

Chemical Composition of Inconel 625:

Element Percentage
Nickel ( Ni ) 58%
Chromium ( Cr ) 22% - 23%
Iron ( Fe ) 8% - 10%
Carbon ( C ) 0.15%

Corrosion Rating:

RATINGS - 0:Unsuitable 1:Poor to Fair 2:Fair 3:Fair to good 4:Good 5:Good to Excellent 6:Normally Excellent

Materials Non-oxidizing or reducing media Liquids Gases
Acid solutions excluding Hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric Neutral solutions, e.g. many Non-oxidizing salt solutions, chlorides, sulfates Alkaline solutions Oxidizing Media Halogen & derivatives
Caustic & mild alkalis, excluding ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide & amines Acid solutions, e.g. nitric Neutral or alkaline solutions e.g. per sulfates, peroxides, chromates Pitting media, acid ferric chloride solutions Halogen Hydrogen halides, dry, e.g., dry, hydrogen chloride
Moist, e.g. chlorine below dew point Dry, e.g. fluorine above dew point
Alloy 600/625 3 6 6 6 3 6 1 2 5 3

Note: Maximum Design Temperature shall depend on the corresponding pressure requirement.

One of the strongest metals in use is nickel 200, a 99.6% pure nickel alloy. It has strong thermal and electrical conductivity as well as outstanding mechanical qualities. Additionally, Nickel 200 is highly resistant to corrosive environments and is simple to fabricate because to its advantageous features and chemical makeup. Nickel 200 sustains the majority of corrosive and caustic conditions, media, alkalis, and acids with exceptional durability (sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric). Ni 200, which is applied indoors and outdoors, also has:

  • special magnetic and magneto strictive characteristics
  • high conductivities for both heat and electricity
  • Low vapor pressure and low gas content

 

It offers high resistance to:

  • Handling concentrated alkalis
  • Hot caustic environment
  • Chlorinated solvents & Phenol

 

Chemical Composition:

Element Percentage
Nickel ( Ni ) 99.4%
Iron ( Fe ) 0.4%
Carbon ( C ) 0.15%

Corrosion Rating:

RATINGS - 0:Unsuitable 1:Poor to Fair 2:Fair 3:Fair to good 4:Good 5:Good to Excellent 6:Normally Excellent

Materials Non-oxidizing or reducing media Liquids Gases
Acid solutions excluding Hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric Neutral solutions, e.g. many Non-oxidizing salt solutions, chlorides, sulfates Alkaline solutions Oxidizing Media Halogen & derivatives
Caustic & mild alkalis, excluding ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide & amines Acid solutions, e.g. nitric Neutral or alkaline solutions e.g. per sulfates, peroxides, chromates Pitting media, acid ferric chloride solutions Halogen Hydrogen halides, dry, e.g., dry, hydrogen chloride
Moist, e.g. chlorine below dew point Dry, e.g. fluorine above dew point
Nickel 200 4 5 6 1 0 5 0 2 6 2

Note: Maximum Design Temperature: 316°C

Commercially pure titanium is available in grades 2 and 4 (at least 99% titanium). The chemical makeup of each grade varies somewhat, which has an impact on mechanical qualities and design potential. Both grades share a similar level of corrosion resistance. Titanium is very corrosion resistant, lightweight, and frequently outperforms stainless steels in most conditions in terms of corrosion resistance. Grade 2 is the preferred alloy for the majority of industrial applications that call for good ductility and corrosion resistance out of the four commercially pure (C.P.) titanium grades.

It has excellent corrosion resistance to:

  • Oxidizing agents such as aqua regia & other mined acids
  • Nitric acid at all concentrations except red fuming nitric acids
  • Chloride ions, ferric chloride, cupric chloride & other hot chloride solutions

 

Titanium alloys are used extensively in the medical and aerospace industries. Titanium Grade 2 is highly suited for use in the marine, chemical processing, and desalination industries due to its strength and corrosion resistance. Applications for Grade 2 titanium often include flue-gas desulphurization systems, reaction and pressure vessels, heat exchangers, liners, tubing or piping systems, oil and gas components, and many other industrial parts. Temperatures for continuous service can reach up to 800°F, and for sporadic, intermittent service, they can reach up to 1000°F.

Chemical Composition:

Element Percentage
Titanium ( Ti ) >=98.9%
Iron ( Fe ) <=0.4%
Oxygen ( O ) <=0.25%
Carbon ( C ) <=0.08%

Corrosion Rating:

RATINGS - 0:Unsuitable 1:Poor to Fair 2:Fair 3:Fair to good 4:Good 5:Good to Excellent 6:Normally Excellent

Materials Non-oxidizing or reducing media Liquids Gases
Acid solutions excluding Hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric Neutral solutions, e.g. many Non-oxidizing salt solutions, chlorides, sulfates Alkaline solutions Oxidizing Media Halogen & derivatives
Caustic & mild alkalis, excluding ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide & amines Acid solutions, e.g. nitric Neutral or alkaline solutions e.g. per sulfates, peroxides, chromates Pitting media, acid ferric chloride solutions Halogen Hydrogen halides, dry, e.g., dry, hydrogen chloride
Moist, e.g. chlorine below dew point Dry, e.g. fluorine above dew point
Titanium 3 6 2 6 6 6 6 6 0 1

Note: Maximum Design Temperature: 316°C

Zirconium 702 has excellent thermal conductivity, corrosion resistant, and is inert to all organic and inorganic substances. Its qualities make it the perfect substance for corrosion-resistant process equipment. Any piece of process equipment where corrosion is a concern should be given zirconium consideration due to its long-term advantages of decreased downtime, greater life expectancy, and profitability.

Zirconium is widely recognized for its resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion as well as its immunity to stress corrosion cracking. At ambient temperature, a protective oxide layer forms on this reactive metal because of its high affinity for oxygen.

Zirconium offers excellent corrosion resistance to:

  • Reducing environments
  • All chlorides except ferric & cupric
  • Hydrochloride & sulfuric acids below 70% concentration
  • Phosphoric, nitric acids & alkaline solutions

 

It has poor resistance to oxidizing agents

Chemical Composition:

Element Percentage
Zirconium ( Zr ) 95.5%
Hafnium ( Hf ) 4.5%
Iron ( Fe ) + Chromium ( Cr ) 0.2%
Nitrogen 0.025%

Corrosion Rating:

RATINGS - 0:Unsuitable 1:Poor to Fair 2:Fair 3:Fair to good 4:Good 5:Good to Excellent 6:Normally Excellent

Materials Non-oxidizing or reducing media Liquids Gases
Acid solutions excluding Hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric Neutral solutions, e.g. many Non-oxidizing salt solutions, chlorides, sulfates Alkaline solutions Oxidizing Media Halogen & derivatives
Caustic & mild alkalis, excluding ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide & amines Acid solutions, e.g. nitric Neutral or alkaline solutions e.g. per sulfates, peroxides, chromates Pitting media, acid ferric chloride solutions Halogen Hydrogen halides, dry, e.g., dry, hydrogen chloride
Moist, e.g. chlorine below dew point Dry, e.g. fluorine above dew point
Zirconium 3 6 2 6 6 6 2 6 1 6

Note: Maximum Design Temperature: 316°C

Tantalum is practically inert to many oxidizing &amp; reducing acids. It offers the best &amp; most outstanding resistance to wide variety of corrosive media including hydrochloric acid. It is attacked by hot alkalis &amp; hydrofluoric acid.

Note: Maximum Design Temperature: 371°C

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